Indian Economy

Indian Economy for UPSC — question-first: how UPSC asks each topic, the concepts behind it, 2025-26 currency (Economic Survey… Free notes, PYQs & MCQs.

  1. Read This First — How UPSC Tests Indian Economy and How to Crack It
  2. Basic Economic Concepts for UPSC: Scarcity, Opportunity Cost, Demand-Supply, Price Floors & Ceilings
  3. National Income Accounting: GDP, GNP, NNP, GVA, Base Year 2022-23 & the New GDP Series (UPSC Economy)
  4. Money & Money Supply for UPSC: M0, M1, M3, Money Multiplier, Legal Tender & 2025-26 Data
  5. Monetary Policy & the RBI for UPSC: MPC, Inflation Targeting, Repo, SDF, MSF, CRR, SLR & Oct 2026 Hike
  6. Inflation & Business Cycles for UPSC: CPI vs WPI, Core Inflation, 2025-26 Disinflation & the New CPI Series
  7. Banking Structure & Regulation for UPSC: Bank Types, Basel III, NPAs, SARFAESI, IBC & 2025-26 Health Check
  8. Payments & Digital Finance: RTGS vs NEFT, UPI Abroad, Digital Rupee, ONDC & PM Mudra (UPSC Economy)
  9. Financial Markets for UPSC: Money & Capital Markets, SEBI, Bonds, AIFs, Mutual Funds & Securities Markets Code 2025
  10. Government Budget & Fiscal Policy for UPSC: Deficits, FRBM, Debt Anchor & Union Budget 2026-27 Numbers
  11. Taxation for UPSC: Direct vs Indirect Taxes, GST 2.0, Income Tax Act 2025 & Budget 2026-27 Tax Measures
  12. Fiscal Federalism & the 16th Finance Commission: 41% Devolution, New Formula, Local Body & Disaster Grants (UPSC)
  13. Income & Employment Determination: Aggregate Demand, Multiplier & Paradox of Thrift (UPSC Economy)
  14. Balance of Payments, Exchange Rates & Forex Reserves for UPSC: CAD, REER, Reserves USD 734.6 bn (Oct 2026)
  15. Trade, FDI, FPI & Capital Account Convertibility for UPSC: FTAs, US Tariffs, PLI & FEMA Rules (2025-26)
  16. International Economic Institutions for UPSC: IMF, SDR, World Bank, WTO, AIIB, NDB & EU Bodies
  17. The Indian Economy at Independence & the Planning Era (1950-90): Five-Year Plans, Land Reforms, Licence Raj
  18. The 1991 Economic Reforms: Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG) & Their Assessment for UPSC
  19. Agriculture I for UPSC: Growth, Land Records, Irrigation, Fertiliser (NPK Imbalance) & Missions (2025-26)
  20. Agriculture II for UPSC: MSP, Procurement, Buffer Stocks, NFSA & PDS, e-NAM and the WTO (2025-26)
  21. Agriculture III for UPSC: Allied Sectors, Rural Credit, KCC, Cooperatives, DAY-NRLM and the VB-G RAM G Act (2025-26)
  22. Industry for UPSC: MSME Definition 2025, PLI (14 sectors), National Manufacturing Mission, Semiconductors, EVs and PSU Disinvestment
  23. Infrastructure and Energy for UPSC: PM GatiShakti, Ports and Aviation, Renewables (49.83%), DISCOMs, SHANTI Act and Green Hydrogen
  24. Employment and Labour Codes for UPSC: PLFS, 29 Laws into 4 Codes, Gig Workers, e-Shram, PMVBRY and Skilling (2025-26)
  25. Human Capital and Poverty for UPSC: MPI (12 indicators), World Bank USD 3 Line, NEP 2020, Ayushman Bharat and Social Security (2025-26)
  26. Services, Urbanisation and AI for UPSC: Services Share, GCCs, Smart Cities, Urban Finance and India's AI Strategy (Survey 2025-26)
  27. Sustainable Development and Green Finance for UPSC: NDCs, CCTS Carbon Market, Article 6, Sovereign Green Bonds and COP28-COP30
  28. India's Development Compared for UPSC: China, Pakistan and Global Indices (HDI, GHI, GII, Rule of Law, B-READY)
  29. Economic Survey 2025-26 for UPSC: Chapter-wise Numbers, New Ideas and Likely Questions
  30. Union Budget 2026-27 for UPSC: Deficits, Debt Path, Tax Changes and Likely Questions